Devaluation and Export Performance Essay -- Economics

Agriculture plays a vital role in the Ethiopian economy, contributing 42 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 80 percent of the employment and 90 percent of total export earnings (Ministry of Finance and Economic increment MoFED 2011 Diao et al. 2010). In 2009 with an effort to remove the vicious socio-economic circle, the government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) developed a Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) with a antecedency to export orientated agricultural development to lead industrialization (MoFED 2010 P. 22). Despite the over-ambitious plan, however, the performance of the export sector has remained undeveloped which calls for sound macroeconomic policies that are critical to combat the bottlenecks constraining the export sector. Foreign exchange rate is a key macroeconomic variable that determines performance of export in a country. The causes why export performance depends on the foreign exchange regime in developing countries include the chara cteristics of exportable goods, the effectiveness of financial sectors and trading with foreign currencies sort of than with the domestic currency (Nilsson K. and Lars N. 2000). Accordingly, Ethiopias export is characterized by capital agricultural products with inelastic export demand and supply, concentration of market and products, little value addition. The result of primary agricultural product export is a smaller marketing margin and insignificant bargaining power on the world market. The financial sector is likewise constrained with higher probabilities of the existence of parallel markets that fail at allocating resources to their most efficient usage. Moreover, all trade transactions are carried out with foreign currencies, preponderantly with US... ... 2011. The Dynamics between Real Exchange regularize Movements and Trends in TradePerformance The Case of Ethiopia. Munich Personal RePEc (Research Papers in Economics). Munich. Michael, Nwidobie Barine. 2011. An Impac t Analysis of Foreign Exchange Rate Volatility on Nigerias Export Performance. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences Issue 37 (September) 47-55.National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE). 2011. National Bank yearbook Report 2009/10. Addis Abeba NBE. http//www.nbe.gov.et/publications/annualreport.htm (Accessed on Apri 25, 2012).Nilsson, Kristian and Lars Nilsson. 2000. Exchange Rate Regimes and Export Performance in Developing Countries. Oxford Blackwell Publishres 331-349.The World Bank (WB). 2012. World Development Indicators Ethiopia. WB. http//data.worldbank.org/country/ethiopia (Accessed on April 26, 2012).

Bilingual Education: Social Justice for All Essay -- Argumentative Per

To be honest, I didnt know rattling much about the legal status and specific methods compound in bilingual education. Researching bilingual education helped me develop a broad understanding of the controversy and sufficient knowledge to be able to defend which method I think is the most effective. The biggest challenge in presenting my argument was focusing on a topic, because bilingual education is a broad topic with many a(prenominal) ramifications. After considering many possible angles, I finally chose to write about two-way bilingual education because it is an effective method that has not been implemented very frequently in the educational system. The front doors of Chamberlain Elementary School in Goshen, Indiana are plastered with advertisements for GED courses for Spanish speakers and bilingual memos reminding parents of the upcoming parent-teacher conferences. Colorful posters in either Spanish or English, with the corresponding translation posted alongside them, deck the hallways. Over a third of the assimilator body belongs to a linguistic minority group, with Spanish being by far the most common language. Thus, Chamberlain administrators and teachers face the daily challenge of meeting the needs of a diverse student body within the context of an English-speaking public institution. The school is well known throughout the area for its efforts in embracing diversity, projecting itself as a multicultural institution, and connecting with families regardless of their cultural background. However, in meeting the linguistic needs of its diverse population, Chamberlain falls sadly short. Volunteers or trained teachers pull students out of their classrooms for a brief lesson each day in English as a Second Language (ESL). Language minor... ...eadership (Dec.99-Jan.00) 62-67. Porter Pedalino, Rosalie. The Benefits of English Immersion. schoolingal Leadership (Dec.99-Jan.00) 52-56. Quezada, female horse S., Terrence G. Wiley, and J. David Ramirez. H ow the Reform Agenda Shortchanges English Learners. Educational Leadership (Dec.99-Jan.00) 57-61. Rippberger, Susan J. Ideological Shifts in Bilingual Education. Comparative Educational Review (Feb.93) 50-61. Rodriguez, Roberto. The Politics of Language. Hispanic (Apr.96) 53. Rothstein, Richard. Bilingual Education The Controversy. Phi Delta Kappan (May 98) 672-678. Thomas, Wayne P., and Virginia P. Collier. Accelerated Schooling for English Language Learners. Educational Leadership (Apr.99) 46-49. Thomas, Wayne P., and Virginia P. Collier. Two Languages are Better Than One. Educational Leadership (Dec.97-Jan.98) 23-26.

Media Snatching :: Kidnapping Baby Snatching Essays

Media Snatching Baby snatchings and kidnappings have gotten popular tending in the historic decades. Through media exploitation, safety awareness and fear inside of parents have heightened. No longer has an isolated case of a baby snatching become the affright of the day-it is the scare for a childs first years. Are baby snatching and kidnapping a reality to everyone? Should everyone with a child fear that childs abduction, or is it only a made up reality within the media? The fear of a baby or young child being abducted is natural and understandable. It is other unfortunate that the media is able to use its power to purport a crime wave on a seemingly low-rate crime. Through extensive media coverage, parents and the world squeeze out perceive any place as a possible risk for child abductors. This point is expressed by Furedi when he states, The intense level of media attention paid to the rare instances of baby-snatching has contributed to widespread demands for hospital securi ty. Frank Furedi is not the only person to comment on media coverage spreading angst. One article duologue about Guatemala and its peoples fears of baby snatching and then the babys body parts being sold in the United States. Even afterwards years of rumors of this type of believed behavior had subsided, a new wave of fear had returned to hit a group of people. Rumors about body part sales solicit into deep reservoirs of fear and anxiety among parents and are widely believed despite total lack of evidence. Obviously, this statement is a clear example of how easily the universals fears are created and manipulated by the media. Once an article or a telecast of some story is released, a publics perception is changed, no matter if the intent of the media is to caution or to merely inform. This demonstrates the medias power and how easily the public is a victim whether or not it is the medias intention. Newspapers, television, cartridge holder articles, and movies are all forms of c ommunication that have contributed to spreading the baby snatching alarm. Not all times are these types of media correct with informing the public viewer. Sometimes the media potful be so personable that it is made to seem like it could be happening everywhere and right under the noses of parents. This is an absurd but subtle direction made by media coverage. For example, the Oregon Association of Hospitals and Health Systems put out an article on a way of thwarting baby snatchings.

Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and Potential Replacements

The Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn syrup and the Potential choices that Can Replace ItAbstract High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), like many other un heavy constituents that are used in foods, is cheap and retains the taste of the natural products it emulates, possibly as yet surpassing them in many areas. However, experiments have shown that fructose is not an ideal sugar for human consumption, not to mention the fact that the use of GM ingredients can be dangerous. In order to prevent the continued consumption of this noxious sugar, food producers should use healthy alternative sweeteners to prevent the further dependence on HFCS in our foods and drinks.With dental, digestive, and other corporal problems such as diabetes and obesity proliferating in the United States, the public is befitting increasingly aware of the dangers of unhealthy foods. Some ingredients that had previously been deemed harmless and have been in use for decades have recently been proved to be harmful and even potentially lethal. Thus, scientists, nutritionists, and food manufacturers are becoming more concerned about detrimental eating habits originating from the consumption of damaging ingredients that are copious in foods. A greater concern, however, is that these ingredients can still be found in a variety of food products and have yet to be withdrawn from grocery shelves. It is serious to conceive that such toxic ingredients as high fructose corn syrup can still be found in a plethora of foods and drinks, even after multiple experiments that have proven that high fructose corn syrup is severely detrimental to the human body and the usage of HFCS, alternatively of diminishing, has dramatically augmented over the decades. It is undesira... ..., and Peter Saunders. MRC Acknowledges GM Food Risks. 12 Oct. 2000 Institute of Science for Society. 23 Jul. 2007 .Howard, Denise. Sugar Alternatives. BellaOnline. 23 Jul. 2007 .Organic and Non-GMO Report . some(prenominal) non-GM alte rnatives to high fructose corn syrup are available. 23 Jul. 2007 .Reynolds, Coriena . Sugar Alternatives, Not So Sweet. James Madison University. 23 Jul. 2007 . Riley, Sylvia. The 1 Sugar Alternative Healthy, Natural and Sweet - The Ultimate Substitute. 28 May 2006 SearchWarp. 23 Jul. 2007 .Smith, Thomas. Sweet And Deadly. 9 Sep. 2005 Healing Matters. 23 Jul. 2007 .

Shop Online Or At The Malls? :: essays research papers

Shop Online or At the Malls? Radiation, sore eyes, fatigue carpal tunnel syndrome and characteristics of a hermit. These are the common sickness people compress when working with computers too long. Shopping is one of the largest industries in the world. For the people who decide to shop on the Internet, have to face many disadvantages. Many people select to shop in malls because they are able to see and feel the texture of the things that they want in the first place they purchase it. Usually when purchasing a product online finished the net, people do not know what they are really getting. Maybe the picture or the authority the product is described on the Internet could be imprecise and incorrect. When shopping at the malls, consumers are able to interact with sales people and be able to get the highest feeling of service. Technology may be an essential part of our lives, but it will never take over our daily lives. Computers are a valuable source of technology to humans thes e days. daily people use these machines to do their work, but when it comes down to shopping, it is a different experience. Shopping on the Internet may seem like an easy way out from the traffic and the crowded malls, but nothing can beat the hands on experience of shopping. Shopping in malls gives the consumers the chance of using their quartette out of five senses to look, feel, smell and hear. The consumers are able to look at every little detail there is on the product they want before purchasing it. Where as, when using the Internet the consumer is only able to see a small picture of what they want without any details. Also the consumer can feel the quality of their product that they are purchasing. On the Internet, it is impossible to feel anything, but ones own computer.

Shop Online Or At The Malls? :: essays research papers

Shop Online or At the Malls? Radiation, sore eyes, fatigue carpal tunnel syndrome and characteristics of a hermit. These are the common sickness people get when working with computers too long. Shopping is one of the largest industries in the world. For the people who decide to shop on the Internet, have to face many disadvantages. umpteen people prefer to shop in malls because they are able to see and feel the texture of the things that they want before they purchase it. Usually when purchasing a crossing online through the net, people do not know what they are really getting. Maybe the picture or the way the product is described on the Internet could be imprecise and incorrect. When shopping at the malls, consumers are able to interact with sales people and be able to get the highest quality of service. applied science may be an essential part of our lives, but it will never take over our daily lives. Computers are a valuable source of technology to humans these days. Everyday people use these machines to do their work, but when it comes down to shopping, it is a different experience. Shopping on the Internet may seem care an easy way out from the traffic and the crowded malls, but nothing notify beat the hands on experience of shopping. Shopping in malls gives the consumers the take place of using their four out of five senses to look, feel, smell and hear. The consumers are able to look at every little detail there is on the product they want before purchasing it. Where as, when using the Internet the consumer is only able to see a small picture of what they want without any details. Also the consumer can feel the quality of their product that they are purchasing. On the Internet, it is impossible to feel anything, but ones own computer.

Introduction to Environmental Health and Risk Assessment Essay

Asbestos is considered a Public wellness hazard. As much(prenominal) there wee-wee been a number of scientific measures adopted to conduct this lay on the line to environmental health and safety. In this discussion the author would advance that the best way to manage asbestos is by applying the asbestos code designed for that particular location. It is believed to be safe since it is a code which has been researched prior to its design and many of the major danger f figure outors were considered.It follows distinct guides such as riddance/removal (most preferred) isolation/enclosure/ shut engineering obliges safe work practices (administrative controls) personal protective equipment (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010). As it pertains to this project the risk management plan to be adopted is the elimination and removal option which would be discussed in more detail. Justification for the decision In order to free why it is believed that the elimination and removal option i s the best under any circumstances to mange asbestos risks ,the reader must understand what it really does.First the removal has to be conducted by a certified environmentalist who is knowledgeable in the practice and would conduct the process according to the environmental heath and safety code pertaining to that procedure. Therefore, it excludes the infiltration of a novice undertaking the risk management technique. Asbestos is a very serious environmental hazard as such any attempts at control must be scientifically monitored.As was previously menti aned these are scientific interventions which are implemented after decades of well measured research, environmental data, community health concerns and health outcome data. nvironmental data are reviewed to determine whether people in the community might be exposed to hazardous materials from the NPL facility. (ATSDR, 2009). The removal boundaries are carefully defined security signs and appropriate displays are erected for the p ublic to recognize that the environment is being targeted for asbestos removal. This protects the community during the process since they would not enter the dangerous boundary zones. It is numerate illumination. Besides the electrical equipment are removed and all appliances which are used to provide electrical power must be turned off.These add to the asbestos risk when elimination and removal are done. It cannot be overemphasized that this ensures complete elimination and security after the process is completed. Hence, here is the justification that this is the best option for removing both friable and non friable asbestos. It is highly recommended as a risk management device. How will elimination and removal provide a greater amount of protection from the inborn risks associated with Asbestos? Obviously, it is irradiation of the risk itself.It is like conducting a root cause analysis whereby the foundation of the factor is upturned to ensure that is has been destroyed complete ly. Isolation/enclosure/sealing engineering controls safe work practices (administrative controls) personal protective equipment (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010) are all palliative measures. These do not stand the test of time because they act simply as control measures. There is still asbestos in the atmosphere. Of major significance is that the effects of asbestos do not manifest immediately.It takes years. During that time no one knows how effective these control measure might be. There is never a sure way of evaluating their true effectiveness until an entire community becomes ill from this impression which was supposed to be controlled. Therefore, it is the authors belief that the best ways to avoid any predisposed effects and provide optimum safety is by elimination and removal. An Outline of the selected method used to evaluate results of the option chosen to implement Asbestos risk management.The implementation task in itself offers a process of valuation which is t o determine the presence of asbestos in the air after the elimination process has been completed. This is a scientific evaluation. There are mainly three types of asbestos. Prior to the elimination procedure the environmentalist would have evaluated the types to determine whether it was white (chsorile) blue (crocidolite) or brown (amosite). The Environmental Protective Agency (EPA) has devised a scientific methodology to evaluate asbestos removal.It has been researched and found to be an appropriate measuring instrument. This entails the adoption of an alternative test which will evaluate the removal procedure used to determine how effective it was in estimating how much asbestos was really removed. Precisely, it attempts to remove some types of asbestos harbored in buildings. The interior of the building is wet, and then demolished without excluding whatever other types of asbestos may be present. Enough weewee is applied to trap any asbestos which might have escaped the initial reatment.This exercise is monitored and the amount of asbestos present in the atmosphere is evaluated. It is usually tested against a previously conducted irradiation treatment. (U. S Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos Project Plan, 2010) This is a feasible way of evaluating the results of a previously conducted asbestos removal exercise. The environmentalists can also re-measure the asbestos national scientifically. However, this method even evaluates the specific instrument used and just not the degree of substances removed.

Global Crime

E truly farming of the human beings experiences the same criminal offenses on some level within their society. From burglary to murder, every nation must deal with the criminals who help in various ways to shape the society that many either admire or fear. The rates of annoyances around the world be significantly different from the offense rates that occur within the United States. The political and brotherly structures of these nations often help in predicting the types of criminal offences that atomic number 18 much prevalent around the world compared to what is more prevalent within the United States.These structures also help to predict the ways in which the nations deal with these crimes within their criminal umpire system. Through the evaluation of major(ip) global crimes and criminal issues, one can better understand the global impact that these crimes have on the national and international justice systems and processes. First, the prevalence of reliable crimes var ies from nation to nation and can often be based on the political and social structures of that nation.For example, in middle-income and developing countries, homicide is far more prevalent compared to nations with high(prenominal) incomes (Shaw, et al, 2004). Research reveals that nations that have high rates of homicide persist to be accompanied by social and political unrest, where crime organizations tend to run the country more than the politicians (Shaw, et al, 2004). On the other hand, there has been a dramatic decline in the rates of robbery among nations included in North America compared to other nations of the world (Shaw, et al, 2004).Second, the ways in which criminals are tried and detained within the criminal justice systems of various nations differ due to the political and social structures that are set up for each citizen. Research has revealed that most nations follow a civil law system, which is typically based on Roman law structures, in which a somebody can b e punished as soon as a sufficient amount of evidence proves that a person is guilty of a crime (OConnor, 2011). This varies from the common law systems, where innocence is assumed prior to proving that a person is guilty of a crime (OConnor, 2011).More common in nations, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran, the Islamic law system is directly based on the Koran, which is often interpreted as a harsher law system compared to other law systems apply by other nations (OConnor, 2011). The law systems that are utilized are critical to uncovering the standards and beliefs of a nation, which often helps people, determine what is considered a crime compared to what may be overlooked by a nation. For example, seven of the eight nations that are included in the group of Caribbean nations have been affected by colonial rule for centuries (United Nations course Development, 2012).This colonial rule has ca employ their criminal justice system to be based on British common law, as ad vanguardt ageously as national statutory laws (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). Their courts are also structured in a manner that is similar to British courts, where there is a magistrate court, a high court, as thoroughly as a court of appeals (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). While every person tried in court are entitled to a fair trial, they tend to reserve juries for serious criminal trials, such as homicide, etc. hich distinctly varies from the United States, where there are few cases historically or otherwise, where juries were non used (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). These structures help to formulate the methods in which criminals are obtained as well as detained within each nation. For example, research has revealed that the rates of attrition, or the rates in which a criminal is obtained and tried for the crimes in which they are accused of committing, differ with the status of the nation (Shaw, et al, 2004).For example, nations that are more developed tend to have higher rates of attrition, meaning that more criminals have a tendency to be properly tried by the criminal justice system of that particular nation (Shaw, et al, 2004). In contrast, nations who were classified as developing nations tended to have lower attritions rates, which would be indicative of the lack of political and social structures, which would help to deter crime, as well as fairly punish those who have committed crimes within their society (Shaw, et al, 2004).This phenomenon can best be explained by the colonization thesis, which asserts that more developed nations military campaign crimes in developing nations, who are dependent on these nations for financial and other assistance (OConnor, 2011). For example, Interpol reported that France (a developed nation) was able to successfully dismantle a crime network of both Georgian and Armenian nationals who were believed to be linked to more than 300 burglaries with 21 people being arrested and a su bstantial amount of cash being recovered by law enforcement (2012).Through determining the attrition levels often help to determine the ways in which criminals around the world are rehabilitated through the punitive system. The corrections system, though similar to the United States, tend to be different from nation to nation. For example, in Jamaica, law enforcement depends on the probation system in order to rehabilitate criminals who pass through their punitive system (United Nations Programme Development, 2012).This still varies from other nations who are included in the Caribbean nations, where both probation and parole are commonly used to rehabilitate criminals (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). This, however, does not help to explain nations who have little to no crime. Nations, such as Switzerland, tend to have very few issues of crime in their nation, which many would normally assume is due to the fact that they have historically been a neutral nation and do no t seek to pull a gun when issues can be discuss diplomatically (OConnor, 2011).Research, however, has revealed that the reason that these nations have little crime is because there are riches of social institutions that help to ensure that each citizen is well provided for (OConnor, 2011). For example, Switzerland has a plethora of welfare programs, which helps to care for those who are among the underclass (OConnor, 2011). This, in turn, helps to deter potential criminals from committing crimes, and even when crimes are committed, criminals are moderately punished after an extensive review of their socio-economic history, and are later assisted to help prevent them from committing rising crimes (OConnor, 2011).In conclusion, maculation crime is confronted on a daily basis by every nation, the rates and frequency of certain crimes vary based on the political and social structures of that nation. The ways in which each nation chooses to address these issues also tend to vary based on the political and social structures, which can affect the future rates of crime in those nations. Through the evaluation of major global crimes and trends, one can better understand how other nations structure their criminal justice system in order to deal with the criminals of their nations.ReferencesInterpol. (2012). Crime network behind hundreds of burglaries dismantled by French police. Retrieved from http//www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News-media-releases/2012/N20120607bis OConnor, T. (2011). Introduction to comparative criminal justice. Retrieved from http//drtomoconnor.com/3040/3040lect01a.htm Shaw, M., van Dijk, J., and Rhomberg, W. (2004). Determining trends in global crime and justice An overview of results from the United Nations surveys of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems. Forum on Crime and Society, 3 (1-2). Retrieved from http//www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/forum/forum3_Art2.pdf United Nations Programme Development. (2012). Caribbean Human Develo pment Report. Retrieved from http//hdr-caribbean.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/files/Chapter5_Caribbean_HDR2012.pdf

How Does a Family Work as a System in Promoting Health to Its Memebers

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows theory is grounded on satisfying of necessity in direct of 1) physiological holds (lunch breaks, wages, etc), 2) safety needs (medical insurance, business security, etc), 3) social needs (sense of community, social events, etc), 4) esteem needs (recognize achievement, express appreciation, etc), and 5) self actualization (provide challenges, opportunity to reach potential, etc). According to Maslow, a person starts with meeting physiological needs and essential work up to self-actualization. An important bound to note is that there is evidence that contradicts the order of needs specified by the model. Furthermore, some cultures appear to place social needs before any others (Netmba 3). The some important implication for management in Maslows theory is the managers ability to recognize the needs take aim at which the employee is operating in order to motivate. For example, if a group or individual is operating on the basic needs of physiolog ical and safety, a good levering tool for motivation would be to offer an office party once a goal is met. Theories 3 Herzbergs Two Factor possibility Herzbergs Two Factor guess is a content theory similar to Maslows Hierarchy speculation.Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction including hygienics factors and motivator factors. hygienics factors ensure that an employee does not become dissatisfied. These include, but ar not expressage to, wages and salaries, policy and administration, quality of supervision and inter-personal relations, working conditions, and job security. Meeting hygiene factors does not lead to high levels of motivation (Value Based perplexity 1). Motivation factors lead to psychological growth and job satisfaction.These include, but be not limited to, status, advancement opportunity, gaining recognition, responsibility, stimulating work, and the sense of personal growth and achievement in a job. Motivati on factors must be present to motivate an employee into higher performance. Management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect (Cuthers, 2). He said this could be done through job enlargement, job rotation, and/or job enrichment. For example, in a low hygiene-high motivation situation, workers are challenged but salaries and work conditions are not up to standards.By adding some hygiene factors, such as a slight increase in wages and a cleaner, safer working environment, management would be motivated and have fewer complaints. Theories 5 McClellans Need Theory David McClellan proposed that an individuals needs are specific and acquired over time and life experience. Most of these needs can be classified as achievement, affiliation, or power. A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs (Peace 2). People who measure a high need for achievement are less likely to take risks because they seek to e xcel.They prefer work with a clear probability of success and need regular feedback to monitor their progress. Affiliation seekers value pleasant relationships with others and have a high need for acceptance. They prefer jobs with a helping of personal interaction and tend to conform to their work group. Employees who have a high need for power fall into two categories personal power seekers and institutional power seekers. Those who want personal power tend to direct others. Those who prefer institutional power want to organize the efforts of others to further the goal of the organization (Peace 3).McClellands theory allows for the shaping of a persons needs and management should learn to recognize different profiles. For example, a person with a high need for personal power will probably fail in a position that is associated with a high need for affiliation. Theories 6 McGregors Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor proposed two theories founded on the premise that the managem ents role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm (Netmba 1). Both Theory X and Theory Y attempt to explain employee motivation. Theory X assumes that people work only for money and security.They dislike work, have no ambition, resist change, and do not care about organizational goals because they are self-centered. Management approaches under Theory X range from a hard approach (essentially an environment of ensure and control) to a soft approach (hoping that employees will cooperate). Both approaches, McGregor later reveals, are inappropriate because Theory X is incorrect because it relies on lower needs as levers of motivation. Theory Y is based on esteem and self-actualization. These higher-level needs are never fully met and are great tools for motivation.Under Theory Y, people are self-directed and committed to objectives, and they will seek responsibility through creativity and ingenuity. Here lies the opportunity to a lign personal and organizational goals by using the employees own quest for fulfillment as the motivator (Netmba 2). McGregor acknowledges that not all employees are mature enough to function at the Theory Y level and might need more elements of Theory X management until further developed. Theories 7 Expectancy Theory The Expectancy Theory by Vroom is a sensing-based theory about the associations people make toward expected topics.In addition to the internal needs of employees and their efforts to fulfill them, Vroom classifies effort into three categories of effort (arising from motivation), performance, and outcomes that must all be linked. Within these categories are three variables Valence, Expectancy, and Instrumentality. According to Arrod, expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance. In order to excel here, the employee must have the right resources, skills, and support. Instrumentality is the belief that if you perform well, a valued o utcome will be received.This requires clear understanding amidst performance and outcome, trust in those who decide the outcome, and transparency of the process that decides who gets what outcome. Valence is the importance an individual places on the expected outcome. Vroom stresses that all three variables are essential for positive motivation. The idea is that the individual then changes their level of effort according to the value they place on the outcomes they receive from the process and on their perception of the strength of the links between effort and outcome (Arrod 2).Basically, an individual needs to know 1) if I work harder, this will be better, 2) if I do a good job, there is something in it for me, and 3) Is it worth it. For example, offering benefits of additional time off to an individual whitethorn not be worthwhile if he was expecting an outcome of a bonus for his performance. Theories 8 Skinners Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory is grounded on the shapin g of manner through controlling consequences. any behavior that brings about a consequence is termed an operant behavior.An operant behavior is learned through associated consequences that can include positive and negative living and punishment. In order to be effective, reinforcement needs to be continuous or intermittent. Positive reinforcement results in the repeating of a desired behavior. For instance, Sally deeds in collections for an auto-finance company. She is expected to make a minimum of 300 foretell calls daily. The company provides incentive (a 5% commission) on every additional 25 phone calls per day where money is collected.This motivates her to make more productive use of her time by rewarding her on a continuous basis (every paycheck may include commission). Negative reinforcement results when an undesirable consequence is withheld, with the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. For example, John is working hard to increase gro ss revenue in his territory of Highland Park, which is followed by a decision not to reassign him to an undesirable sales route of Oak Cliff. He is likely to cover exerting the efforts necessary to stay in the area in which he is most productive.Punishment, often confused with negative reinforcement, attempts to decrease the probability that a particular behavior will be learned and repeated (Barnett 2). It is a common reinforcement tool, but experts agree that it should only be used if positive and negative reinforcement are not effective. Theories 9 References Arrod. Co. UK. (2006). Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Retrieved 9/15/08 from http//www. arrod. co. uk/archive/concept_vroom. php Barnett, Tim. (2004). Reinforcement Theory. Retrieved 9/15/08 from http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management Cuthers, Joshua. (2006). Motivation in Theory Herzberg Two FactorTheory. Retrieved 9/15/08 from https//tutor2u. net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg. asp NetMBA. (2007). Theory X and Theory Y. Retrieved from http//www. netmba. com/mgmt/ob/motivation/mcgregor Peace, A. (2008). McClellans Theory of Needs. Retrieved from http//motivationcentre. blogspot. com Value Based Management. (2008). Motivation Factors. Retrieved 9/15/08 from http//www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods back. Plagiarism Warning The essay examples on Anti Essays are for research purposes ONLY. Do not submit an essay example as your own. If you use any information from a sample essay, please cite it.MLA and APA citations can be found at the bottom of this free essay. Citations MLA Citation Theories Of Management. Anti Essays. 30 Nov. 2011 APA Citation Theories Of Management. Anti Essays. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from the World Wide Web http//www. antiessays. com/free-essays/20897. html Related Essays Role Of passenger vehicle Creating Value Corperate Hrm Vs Personnel Management Theory Of Management Rights Frederick Taylor Hero Or Fayols Management Theory Organizational Behavi or The Role Of a Manager guiltless And Neo

Crisis in Movies: Self Medicated

His return, who actual a drug problem of her own, was unable to deal with his behavior. He was r arly tending school and getting in fights regularly. He began hanging out with a different peer group and cutting ties with the positive influences in his life. He displayed hearty discomfort anytime his perplex was mentioned and it was clear he had not dealt with his grief in a healthy way. 2. Identify the type of crisis (Situational, Developmental, Existential). (10 pats. The crawls In this situation was primarily situational, plainly one could also argue that there was a developmental crisis. Andrews father died and the family, both Andrew and his mother, appeared to lack the adequate coping skills to deal with the stresses normal stress associated with cosmos a teenage boy, and his mother the stress associated with raising a teenage boy. After the death of his father there was a developmental crisis during which Andrew was unable to achieverfully transition from cosmos a dep endent teenager to an independent young man. 3.Identify the material, personal, and social resources available to the individual. (10 pats. ) Based on the home in which the primary characters lodge it is apparent that they any are, or at one point were fairly wealthy. Andrews mother does not appear to be employed and he does not collapse a Job. There is no indication of an extended family support network. Andrews mother does not appear to have any support system. They appear to be precise isolated. Andrew had an abundance of negative, superficial friends and one female friend who had pro-social contact with both him and his mother.He is also very intelligent which is a valuable personal resource but there are times during his rec everywherey process that it appears to interfere with his testability. Due to the fact that he resides in a large city, Lass Vegas, there are innumerable community resources available as well. 4. What were the differing perceptions of the crisis? (the client, family, community, friends, legal perspectives) (10 pats. ) The client, Andrew, did not believe there was a crisis because he did not view his behavior as problematic.His mother felt quite differently and was upliftedly concerned with both his drug and alcohol use and his apparent inability to deal with the death of his father. After double failed attempts to directly address Andrews behavior, his other appoints custody of him to an extreme measures treatment quick-wittedness. They kidnap Andrew and he is enrolled in an involuntary, live-in rehabilitation program for addicts of all kinds. At the treatment facility Andrew was viewed as a problem child. This was largely due to his intelligence and the lack of realization of there being a problem.He was unwilling to discuss his father and used his intelligence to manipulate and scheme against staff. Until he was forced into treatment Andrew surrounded himself with people who were sharing in his addictive behavior, this undis tributed to his inability to pretend that he was in crisis because his community group was comprised of fellow addicts. 5. Briefly, how was the crisis handled by the protagonist? (10 pats. ) The protagonist, Andrew, refused to address the death of his father, which was a primary stresses.Eventually he turned to alcohol and drugs to dampen the feelings associated with the pain of his fathers death. His lack of positive coping tools eventually led to a crisis of drug and alcohol addiction. By the end of the film Andrew had accepted that his addiction was withering and was taking steps towards cover and more importantly towards dealing with the underlying issues that had 6. Suggest several steps for your client that could be used to handle the crisis. (10 Andrew does not believe he has a problem. He needs help seeing his addiction as detrimental.One of the primary issues driving Andrews addiction is the unprocessed grief over his fathers death. He needs counseling to help him deal w ith those emotions and to learn healthier coping skills. Andrew and his mother also need to work done the resentment that has developed between them. Forgiveness therapy old be valuable if incorporated into family counseling. Cognitive self-change is also a valuable tool in dealing with addiction. Realistically Andrew is also going to have to deal with his legal issues before he green goddess truly have a clean start.He also needs to attempt to take over his GAP in order to complete high school. Due to the fact that he wants to go to college he will equally need to extend high school by a year so that he can retake the classes he did poorly in and salvage his grade point median(a) as much as possible. 7. Suggest steps for teaching coping skills and developing resiliency (preventing the rises from reoccurring). (10 pats. ) Andrew would greatly benefit from learning how to verbalize his feelings and talk through his problems instead of stuffing and avoiding.He needs his emotions regarding the death of his father to be validated and to understand that they are okay to have. Re-involving himself in the healthy outlets he used to enjoy, like sports, would be a positive way to handle stress as well. Because he has struggled with addiction it will be very important to his future success that he complete a thorough relapse prevention program. He needs to identify what his triggers and red flag tuitions are so that he can learn steps to intervene in those situations. 8. What referral sources would be available to the client if he/she lived in your area? Specific names of organizations in your area to which you baron refer your client. You might have to research your area for this. ) (10 pats. ) He could be referred to closed-door counseling, support groups for those grieving the loss of loved ones, and drug/alcohol rehab or support groups. There are groups like Alcoholics Anonymous, Celebrate Recovery, and LIDS Family Services Addiction Recovery for those strugg ling with drug and alcohol addiction. His lawyer could also push for a mandatory treatment program instead of traditional punishment for the crimes he had committed.This community has a treatment focused state prison nearby which employs the remediation community model for drug and alcohol rehabilitation. Because of this there are several certified drug and alcohol counselors in the area, some of which take on private clients on their own time. There are also drug and alcohol education groups such as DARE that may be beneficial. We are either slaves to sin or slaves to Christ, and the Bible is clear that to be a slave to Christ is a far easier burden to bear. Often times those things we believe to be freedom eventually become the heaviest of our chains.This can be seen in Andrews downhill spiral of addiction. He thought he was having fun getting drunk and skipping school, he was doing whatever he wanted. However, it eventually reached the point that Alcohol was all that he wanted. The desires of the flesh quickly lead us to destruction. It is my opinion that there are hardly a(prenominal) things out there that demonstrate the bondage we are in apart from Christ so vividly as drug, alcohol, and sexual addictions. Addiction is the epitome of being in bondage, of being a slave.